DESCRIPTION OF COURSES

The descriptions of courses are as follows

GST 102: PHILOSOPHY AND LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2 Units

Problems and scope of philosophy; Metaphysics as a branch of philosophy; Epistemology as a branch of philosophy, ethics, and aesthetics; socio-political philosophy; Logic: nature and scope; Fallacies and conditional statements; Basic concepts of quantification theory; Elements of logic; Man, Philosophy, Science and Technology; Scientific Method: An Exposition; the Rise and Development of Science and Technology; Environmental Philosophy; Common Features of Science; Epistemological Appraisal of Scientific Methodology.

GST 105: USE OF ENGLISH                                                                                       2 Units

Proficiency in various aspects of spoken English, including correct pronunciation in sounds, stress, rhythm and intonation, developing voice skills and voice control in public speaking, conversations, discussions, and reading aloud.

ENG 113: INTRODUCTION TO POETRY                                                               2 Units

The meaning of poetry as a genre of literature. The different types/kinds of poetry. Appreciation of both local and international poems. Poetic license and other figures of speech in literature. The essence of poems and poetry. The poetic stress, rhymes and rhythm.

ENG 111: ELEMENTS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND USAGE                        2 Units

Basic knowledge of English Grammar without any bias for a particular grammatical theory and approach. Emphasis will be placed on improving students’ ability to identify and describe the various structural components of English sentences and phrases, different word- classes, and their functions in English sentences or utterances (word-classes such as Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Determinants, Pronouns, Auxiliary verse etc; and functions such as subject, object, complement predicator, modifier qualifier etc.).

ENG 121: ENGLISH GRAMMAR USAGE: LEXIS AND STRUCTURE 2 Units

Different types of English Grammatical structures and their usage. Different types of phrases and their syntactic functions (the Noun Phrase, the Verb Phrase and the Adverb Phase, the Adjectival Phrase, the Prepositional Phrase). Sentence Types and their communicative functions (declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences with functions such as statement, questions, requests, directives, apologies, wishes, invitations, offers, etc.) Simple compound and complex sentences.

POL 111: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE                                       2 Units

What is political science?; the nature of politics; concepts of power, authority, influence, legitimacy and the state; distinction between politics and political science; scope and methodologies of political science.

PSY 111: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY I                                                   3 Units

Definitions; Basic concepts and History of psychology. Methods of psychological investigation. Psychological bases of behaviour; social bases of behaviour; motivation and emotion; sensation and perception.

PSY 121: INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY II                                                 3 Units

Learning; Human Development; personality; industrial psychology; Abnormal psychology; forensic psychology; environmental psychology.

JIL 110: LEGAL METHODS I                                                                                     4 Units

Nature, meaning and functions of law in society: law, order and justice; law and freedom; law and the state; law and legitimacy; and sovereignty. Aspects of law: classification of law: common law and civil law. Common law and equity, public and private law, civil and criminal law, substantive and procedural law, written and unwritten law. Methods of Social control through law – Penal Methods: grievance remedial method; private arrangement method; constitutive method, administrative regulatory method. Fiscal method; conferral or social benefits method. Legal reasoning injudicial process-sifting of facts and law in courts; precedents. Legal Process to legislative proposals. Legislative drafting; ambiguity, vagueness, open text semantics in law; types of legislation.

SOC 111: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY                                                         3 Units

Definitions; Basic concepts and History of Sociology. Methods of sociological investigation. The interplay between sociology and law under sociology of law. Sociological jurisprudence. Social bases of behaviour; motivation and emotion; sensation and perception.

SOC 122: NIGERIAN SOCIETIES, CULTURES AND HERITAGE                    3 Units

Definitions; Basic concepts. The meaning of society, culture and heritage. The interplay amongst these concepts and History of the concepts. Sociological bases of behaviour; social bases of behaviour; motivation and emotion; sensation and perception.

SOC 121: INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN SOCIETIES AND CULTURE 3 Units Definitions; Basic concepts. The interplay between society and culture and vice versa. Basic introductions to some African societies and their cultures. Historical and sociological antecedents of societies in Africa. The concept of evolution in African societies. The different culture, customs and usages in the African societies.

JIL 120: LEGAL METHODS II                                                                                   4 Units

Sources of law – primary sources: statutory materials and judicial materials; secondary source; books, pamphlets, letters, speeches, interviews, periodicals and newspapers; foreign materials. Use of source materials – law library and legal research, indexing and identification of library materials, and citation of cases and reports; identification of issues, principles, rules, authoritative elements in books, judicial opinions; analysis and note taking; use of authorities in legal argument and legal writing. Legal writing – methods and approaches in essay writing; styles of writing; analysis of social and legal issues and application of legal rules; division of topics into chapters, sections and subsections; and compilation of bibliography, legislative drafting and other legal drafting – contracts, legal opinion.

GST 201: GENERAL AFRICAN STUDIES                                                               2 Units

Culture and society in Africa; Social Organization; Social Change; African; Languages and literature; African music and Dance; the Geography of Africa; Traditional medicine in Africa; Race and identity.

GST 214: BASIC COMPUTER STUDIES                                                                  2 Units

Introduction to Computer Systems; Input and output devices; central processing unit and storage devices; introduction to windows operating system; introduction to word processing software; creating and saving of document; formatting documents; creating and editing table; advanced word processing features; introduction to spreadsheet; database management; introduction to electronic communication and the internet.

CSC 207: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION PROCESSING 3 Units

Information systems, Management Information Systems, Information processing, Information Systems output and Storage, Principles of data communication, data security and control, sorting and searching.

JIL 201: NIGERIAN LEGAL SYSTEM I                                                                   4 Units

Introduction to the Nigerian Legal System; Sources of Nigerian Law and the laws applicable within the jurisdictions. Peculiarities of the Nigerian Legal System- effects of federalism, legal pluralism, ADR Abstraction and changes brought about by Military interventions in government. Conflicts arising from the application of the different laws; i.e. internal conflict of laws. Validity and proof of customary law. Interpretation of statutes. The concept of a legal system; meaning of law and legal system; Historical development of Nigerian legal system. Sources of Nigeria Law: Legislation; judicial precedents; case law; customaiy law; Islamic law. Reception and application of English law in Nigeria. Opinions of jurists/Legal writers; International Law.

JIL 221: NIGERIAN LEGAL SYSTEM II                                                                  4 Units

Internal conflicts: different customary/ Islamic laws; English law and customary law; English law/ Islamic law; judicial institutions; the role of the judiciary; the history and development of the courts; types and jurisdictions of courts; customary and Area courts; magistrates and district courts; and courts of records; Special courts: Shariah Court of Appeal , Customary Court of Appeal, Tribunals (excluding Commissions of Inquiry); judicial personnel- appointment and tenure; outline of civil and criminal procedure in Nigeria; Legal Aid and Advice: development and future of law in Nigeria; the organization of legal education and legal profession in Nigeria.

CIL 201: LAW OF CONTRACT 1

Definition, formation of contract: elements of contract, purposes, theories of contract, historical development, principle and nature, scope, classification. Offer: Definition, elements, distinction between offer and invitation to treat, forms of offer, termination of offer revocation, lapse of time, death, rejection. Acceptance: Definition, forms of invalid “acceptance” counter offer, conditional acceptance, cross offers, acceptance in ignorance of offer. Communication of Acceptance: mode, moment, revocation; revocation of unilateral contract. Consideration: Introduction, Definition, types, adequacy – meaning of and applicable principles, sufficiency – meaning of and applicable principles. Sufficiency of consideration: Promissory Estoppel, meaning, evolution, scope. Intention to Create Legal Relations: Meaning, rules – domestic and social engagements, commercial agreements & Intermediate situations. Terms of a Contract: Introduction definition, significance, mere presentation, classification of terms: condition, warranties, innominate terms, fundamental terms, implied terms customs, statute and courts. Exclusion Clauses and Limiting Terms. Definition of, standard forms contracts, general rules to whittle the effect of including doctrine of fundamental breach, statutory intervention in England – The unfair contract terms Act 1997 (United Kingdom). Capacity to Contract: Meaning, illiterates, minor, corporate bodies, drunk, insane persons. Privity of Contracts: The general rules and exceptions.

CIL 221: LAW OF CONTRACT II

Contracts required to be in writing (unenforceable contracts). Introduction, contract of Guarantee: scope, nature, exception to requirement of writing, oral variation of written agreements. Contract for the sale or other disposition of any land statute and illiterate customary law. Mistake: Meaning, Classification common mistake, mutual mistake, unilateral mistake; mistake in equity, documents mistakenly signed. Misrepresentation: Meaning, what constitute misrepresentation, failure to disclose and exceptions, representation and inducement, types of misrepresentation, and remedies for misrepresentation. Duress and Undue Influence: Common law position, economic duress, and undue influence. Illegal and Void Contract: Classification, contract illegal by statute, contract illegal at common law, consequences of illegal contact, and contract void at common law. Discharge by Performance: Meaning, partial performance, prevention of performance, tender of performance, time of performance. Discharge by Agreement: Introduction, rescission, variation, waiver, accord and satisfaction. Discharge by Breach: Introduction, repudiation, consequences of discharge, discharge for bad reason. Discharge by Frustration: Introduction, the basis of the doctrine, operation of the doctrine, self-induced frustration and legal consequences of frustration. Remedies for Breach of Contract: Damages, measurement of damages, damages for non- pecuniary loses, mitigation of damages, penalty and liquidated damages, general and special damages, nominal damages, exemplary damages. Specific performance, situation for application, contract not specifically enforceable, injunction, quantum meruit. Extinction of remedies, effect of fraud or mistake, disability, acknowledgment or part payment.

PUL 201: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I

Definition and sources of constitutional law, the concept, nature and objectives of constitutions and constitutional law; Classification of constitutions – written and unwritten, rigid and flexible, federal and unitary, presidential and parliamentary; The making of constitutions in general, and in particular, the making of constitutions in Nigeria -Constitutional history of Nigeria from the advent of British rule to date; the principles of autochthony, revolutions and the legitimacy or otherwise of the take-over of government by extra constitutional means (e.g. coup d’etat); Supremacy of constitutions, parliamentary sovereignty and supremacy of military decrees; Concept of the rule of law; the doctrine of separation of powers – the legislature, executive and judiciaiy. The concept of federalism and its practice in Nigeria; the three tiers of government – the federal, the state and the local government, intergovernmental relations; Citizenship and nationality; Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy – their nature and scope, enforcement and limitations.

PUL 221: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW II                                                                      4 Units

Fundamental Rights – their nature, scope, enforcement and limitation; Arms of government; Legislative power – meaning, scope and relation with the exercise of executive and judicial powers, delegation of legislative power, division of legislative powers between the federal government and the state governments, implied powers, repugnancy and doctrine of covering the field, investigative powers, oversight function, and impeachment; Executive power -meaning and scope, appointment, powers and functions of the President and State Governors, Federal and state executive bodies, federal and state Attorneys-General’s powers; Judicial power – meaning, scope and relations with exercise of executive and legislative power (exercise of powers of judicial review of legislative and executive powers and judicial control of administration); independence of the judiciary; jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, the Federal and State High Courts, the Sharia and Customary Courts of Appeal; Public law and constitutional remedies and the requirement of locus standi – Fundamental Rights (Enforcement) Procedure Rules, common law remedies, writs and orders of habeas corpus, certiorari, prohibition and mandamus, quo warrantors, declarations and injunctions, African Charter of Human and Peoples’ rights; Public Law and Constitutional remedies; Political Parties.

PUL 202: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW I                                                                         4 Units

Theory/ Definition of Administrative Law; Development and growth of Administrative Law- The theories and arguments for a separate study of the laws guiding the administration of government. Administrative law and Constitutional Law- The similarities and differences between Administrative Law and Constitutional Law. Some Constitutional Concepts- Rule of Law, Supremacy of the Constitution, Sovereignty of Parliament/Supremacy of the Legislature, Separation of Powers, Fundamental Rights. Classification of Administrative Power/Legal Significance Classification of Administrative powers e.g. Legislative, Executive, Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Powers. Rule -making powers of Administration, the powers to make rules must be expressly stated in the enabling law before an administrative authority can exercise same. Methods of Delegation – Simple, enumeration, delegation subject to a condition, (publication, procedural requirement, laying before parliament etc.). Problems of delegation and sub-delegation, delegatespotest non delegare. Delegated powers can only be exercised by the person authorized to exercise the powers. Rulemaking procedures – investigative, consultative, auditive, adversary and a mixture of more than one of the rule making procedures. Control of the powers of the administration – Legislative control, executive control and judicial control of Administrative powers. The doctrine of ultra vires; The Civil Service, Public Service and Public Administration – It encompasses every branch, arm, department, authority, agency, institution and ministry in government. It also includes a study of the Code of Conduct Bureau. Public Corporations, public utilities and enterprises owned by the government to provide certain goods and services. Specialized agencies and bodies ICPC, EFCC, Public Procurement Bureau, Code of Conduct, Bureau. Local Government: a study of the 3rd tier of government; its merit and demerits and whether they are effective in governance

PUL 222: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW II                                                                        4 Units

Adjudication Power of Administrative Authorities to act judicially. Must comply with rules of natural justice. Action by and against the State (Public Officer Protection Law). Judicial Remedies Certiorari, Prohibition, Mandamus, Damages, Injunction etc. Non Judicial Remedies: Public Complaint Commission, EFCC, ICPC, and Human Rights Commission. Locus Standi; Right to sue for public wrongs .Pre-Action Notice -the requirement to notify the Administrative authority of the impending action before processes are filed.

GST 307: ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 2 Units

Knowing your own business; starting your own business; managing your own business; financing your own business; corporate governance.

PUL 301: CRIMINAL LAW I                                                                                        4 Units

Meaning of Crime and Criminalisation Policy- The definition of Crime and the Policy of Criminalisation underlying the Criminal Code, the Penal Code and Other Penal Systems in Nigeria; History of Nigerian Criminal Law and cultural compatibility of Nigerian Criminal Law. Sources of criminal law in Nigeria and the extent of compatibility of the laws with Nigerian culture. Classification of Offences- Legal classification of offences into misdemeanours, simple offences and felonies and other descriptive criteria for classification of offences. Types of Criminal Responsibility – Personal, corporate, strict and vicarious criminal liability. The Basis of Criminal Responsibility – Freewill, as per Aristotle and Bradley, and as per Classical, Neo- Classical and Utilitarian Schools. Determinism, as per the Positivist School. Freewill versus Determinism. The Content of Criminal Responsibility – Section 24 of the Criminal Code and the defence of mistake. Preliminary/Inchoate Offences – Attempt and conspiracy. Parties to Offences- Principal, accessories and common intention. Non- Sexual Personal Offences – False imprisonment, attempted suicide, abortion, assaults, murder, manslaughter. Sexual Personal Offences – Rape, indecent assault, defilement, sodomy, abduction. Non-Personal Sexual and Other Allied Offences – Bestiality, indecent acts, obscenity, offences allied to prostitution/trafficking. Defenses to Criminal Liability: Self-defence, defence of others, self-preservation, provocation, insanity, intoxication, immaturity on due to non-age.

PUL 321: CRIMINAL LAWII                                                                                        4 Units

Violent Property Offences – Robbeiy, Armed robbeiy, Burglaiy and House Breaking, Demanding Property with Menaces, malicious damage to property and Arson. Non-Violent Property Offences – Stealing, Obtaining by False Pretences, Obtaining Credit by Fraud, Cheating, Receiving Stolen Property and defence of bona fide claim of right. Offences against the State – Sedition and Treason, Offences Relating to the Administration of Justice – Obstructing Police Officer in the execution of duties, Perjury and Contempt of Court. Public Order Offences – Unlawful Assembly, Rioting, Affray, Street trading etc. Other Offences – Forgery and Uttering and Corruption and Economic Crimes

PPL 301: LAW OF TORTS I                                                                                          4 Units

Introduction to the Law of Tort: Definition and nature of Tort; Principles of tortious Liability; Mental Elements in the Law of Tort: Various Interests protected by the law of Tort; Tort and other areas of Law. Trespass to Person: Assault; Battery; False Imprisonment; Other acts intended to cause physical harm; Interference with Goods: Trespass to Chattel; Conversion; Detinue; Remedies and Defences; Trespass to Land – Right of possession related to trespass; Trespass to fixtures on land, the subsoil and airspace; Trespass by wrongful entry; Trespass by remaining on the land; Trespass by placing things on the land; Continuing trespass; Trespass ab initio; Remedies and Defences. Negligence: Duty of Care: Negligent Misstatement, Nervous Shock, Economic Loss; Professional Negligence; Medical Negligence; Employer’s Liability; Breach of duty of Care: Factors determining breach of duty; Res Ipsa loquitur; Damage: Causation; Remoteness of Damage; Defenses. Occupier’s Liability: Nature and scope of liability; Liability at common law; Statute based liability; The trespasser and the common duty of humanity; Liability for the acts of an independent contractor; Remedies; Defenses.

PPL321: LAW OF TORTS II                                                                                         4 Units

Nuisance: Introduction; Public and Private Nuisance; Elements of private Nuisance; Standard of liability; Who can sue; Who can be sued; Defenses; Remedies. Strict Liability: The Rule in Rylands v Fletcher: Elements of the Rule; Defenses; Remedies; Liability for Animals: Classification of animals, Liability for dangerous animals, Liability for straying livestock, Remedies; Defenses; Liability for fire. Vicarious liability: Nature and scope of liability; The master and servant relationship; Liability for agents; Liability for independent contractors; Liability for servant’s theft; Remedies; Defenses. Defamation: Essence of the tort of defamation; Elements of defamation; Classification: Libel, Slander; Vulgar abuse; Innuendo; Remedies; Defenses. Economic Torts: Passing off; Injurious falsehood; Deceit. Malicious Prosecution- Definition; Elements of Malicious prosecution; Remedies. General Remedies in the Law of Tort – Damages; Injunctions; Abatement; Specific Restitution; Self- Help.

CIL 301: LAW OF COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS I                                          4 Units

Agency and hire purchase; Principles of law that affect the relationship of agent, principal and third party. Definition of agency, agency and other similar legal relationships, various categories of agents, creation and interpretation of the agent’s authority; rights and liabilities of both principal and agent towards each other and towards the third party, termination of agency, etc. Law relating to hire purchase contracts. Formalities, relations between the parties their respective rights and obligations are examined from both the common law and statutory perspectives.

CIL 321: LAW OF COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS II                                       4 Units

Legal problems arising from the sale and distribution of goods; nature and definition of a contract of sale of goods, distinction between sale and other contracts; seller’s obligations as to quality and delivery; passing of ownership and risk; and sound choice of remedies for breach. Problems incidental to documentary transactions and carriage of goods.

CIL 302: LAW OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY                                                  4 Units

Concept of intellectual property rights; different branches of the subject, including copyright, patents, industrial designs and trademarks. Copyright and neighboring rights as well as protection of confidential information; historical evolution of the law, the nature, objectives and scope of protection, ownership and transfer of rights, infringement, public interest limitations to protection as well as administration and enforcement of the rights. Technological and other developments at local and international levels and the prospects and challenges for Nigeria as a developing country.

CIL 322: LAW OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY                                                        4 Units

Intellectual property arising in and/or being utilized in the industrial sector: law of patents, industrial designs and trademarks. Distinction between the three branches of the law, historical evolution, and the nature, scope of and rationale for protection. Ownership and transfer of rights, infringement, limitations and exceptions to protection as well as administration and enforcement of the rights. The intersections between IP protection and socio-■economic development and the safeguarding of human rights; emerging developments at local and international levels from a developing country’s perspective.

PPL 303: FAMILY LAW I                                                                                             4 Units

Introduction to Family Law: Meaning of Family Law; Importance of Family law; the Scope of Family Law. Definition of Marriage: Customary Marriage; Statutory Marriage; Islamic Marriage. Legal Incidence of Marriage: Cohabitation; Protection; Sexual intercourse; Change of name. – Effects of Evidence Law; Contract- Law of Torts; Criminal Law on Marriage. Requirements of a Valid Marriage: Customary Marriage: Parental Consent; Bride price; Consent of the intending spouses; Minimum age; Prohibited Degrees of Relationship; Capacity to marry. Statutory Marriage: Requirements under MCA. Islamic Marriage. Jurisdiction in Matrimonial Causes: Jurisdiction with respect to statutory marriage. Effect of domicile on jurisdiction. Nullity of Marriage: void and voidable Marriage. Distinction between the two concepts. Dissolution of Marriage: Dissolution under the Statute: Dissolution under Customary Law and Islamic Law.

PPL 323: FAMILY LAW II

Maintenance: Maintenance of Parties and children of parties to a statutory marriage; Factors determining the award of maintenance under the MCA 1970; Maintenance under Customary Marriage and Islamic Marriage. Property Disputes: Settlement of Property: Basic nature of settlement of property as a remedy under MCA; Non applicability to customary law marriages; Division of Property on Breakdown of Marriage; Concept of division of property under MWPA; Distinction between division of property and settlement of property. Custody of Children: The Best Interest Principle and custody of Children; Powers of the Court to grant Custody; Factors the Courts considers in awarding Custody. Guardianship: Meaning of guardianship; Types of guardians; Powers and duties of guardians; Termination of guardianship; Guardianship as a tool of child protection. Parental Responsibilities: Conceptual clarification: Wither parental rights or parental responsibilities?; the limits of parental responsibilities. Child Abuse and Neglect: Meaning of child abuse: Socio cultural and Economic dimensions of child abuse; Responses of Nigeria family law to child abuse; Constraints of law in regulating Child Abuse in Nigeria. Adoption: Statutory Adoption in Nigeria; who may adopt; Consents required for adoption; Legal Effects of Adoption; Recognition of foreign adoption orders; Adoption under customary Law; Foster-Parenting.

PUL 303: HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES LAW I                              4 Units

Meaning and scope of human rights and civil liberties, the jurisprudential background to such liberties, relationship between human rights and civil liberties. Historical evolution and sources of human rights and civil liberties. Nature and hierarchy of human rights. Comparative analyses of the nature and scope of human rights and civil liberties in Nigerian legislation and international instruments. Civil and political rights: Right to life, right to dignity of the human person, right to personal liberty, right to privacy, right to freedom of thought, opinion or speech, freedom of association and assembly, freedom of movement, right to property and the right to be free from discrimination.

PUL 323: HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES LAW II                             4 Units

Social, Economic and Cultural Rights: right to education, right to food, right to health, right to work, right to clean and healthy environment, right to housing, and right to development. Right of Special Groups: rights of women, rights of persons with disability, right of children, rights of minorities, rights of refugees, prisoners’ rights, and indigenous peoples’ rights. Relationship between inherent rights and guaranteed rights, interrelationships provided under municipal and international law, in particular, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ rights and its status vis-a-vis other domestic legislation. Human rights and government administrative processes and the administration of justice. Enforcement of human rights: Issue of locus standi: Administrative procedures: The role and functions of the National Human Rights Commission: The role and functions of the Public Complaints Commission: The role and functions of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Judicial procedures: Domestic- Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules;

Declaratory action; originating application. International: The role and functions of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights; The role and functions of the UN Commission for Human Rights and the UN Committee for Human Rights.

JIL 301: ISLAMIC LAW                                                                                                4 Units

The course is designed for the study of the nature and application of Islamic Law. The meaning of Sharia; primary and secondary sources of Islamic law; the various schools of Islamic Jurisprudence; Figh; compilation of the Quran and Hadith; Islamic Law of Gift; Islamic law of Inheritance. It will trace the history of Islamic Law and its introduction to Nigeria. The fundamental basis of Islamic Jurisprudence will be examined; this will be compared with other system of law applicable within the jurisdiction. The different system of Islamic Law will be examined but emphasis will be placed on the applicable one in Nigeria. The course will examine in detail such issue as Islamic Family, succession and if gifts property inter vires

JIL 321: CUSTOMARY LAW                                                                                       4 Units

The origin of Customary Law in Nigeria: The notions of society; custom and legal structure; The Difference between Customary Usage and Customary Law: The concept of citizen, ‘omoluabi’ African brotherhood and law; The nature of Customary Law: The characteristics of Customary law; Customary Law, the Growth and Modification by Statutes: The impact of colonialism and the received English Law; The Divergence of Customary Law in Different areas: Specific study of Institution; Political, social, economic and marriage among the Yorubas, Ibos, Hausa and the Tivs; Similarities of Customary Law in Nigeria: The basic notion of Law and Justice; The basis of Legal Validity and Repugnancy Doctrine: The idea of Law; the repugnancy of doctrine vis-a-vis validity of customary law.

PPL 302: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW I                                                                        4 Units

Concept of Environment, Meaning of Environmental Law, Meaning of Pollution, Theories of Environmental Protection, Science and Environment, Poverty and Environment and Law and Environment. National Environmental Policy, Laws and Institutions- Evolution of national environmental policy laws and institutions. Principles of Environmental Law – Permanent Sovereignty of Natural Resources, Precautionary Principle, Polluter Pays Principle, Use Pays Principle etc. Sources of Environmental Law-Common Law, Customary Law, Statutes and International Law. Customary Environmental Laws and Practices Customaiy environmental conservation and pollution control practices. Environmental Pollution Control Land, water and air pollution including climatic change. Common Law and Environment Private Law and Environmental Protection, Nuisance, Trespass, Negligence and the Rule in Rylands v Fletcher. Environmental Pollution Control: Land, Water and Air Pollution including Climate Change. Waste Management: Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous including Chemical Management. Planning and Environmental Protection-Concept of Zoning as a tool of environmental protection. Compensation for Environmental Pollution Damages, Injunction, statutory compensation, ADR and Environmental Disputes. Management of Toxic and solid, toxic chemical and hazardous waste chemicals.

PUL322: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW II                                                                       4 Units

Concept of Environment, Theories of Environmental Protection, Relationship between Consumption and Environmental Pollution, Science and Law, Role of Law in Environmental Protection. International Environmental Law: Treaties, Customs and Principles. Theories and Principles of Environmental Protection. Municipal Regulation of Environmental Law: Customary Law, Common Law and Statutes. Environmental regulatory powers under the Nigeria Constitution. Responsibilities of the various bodies set up by the Federal, State, and Local Governments for the regulation of environmental protection, vis-a-vis the rights of individuals. Relationship between environmental protection and human rights: concept of the right of a clean environment, right to health and the right to life. Right to development. Media of Environmental Pollution: Waste Management: Industrial, Municipal and Hazardous Waste; Water and Marine Pollution; Atmospheric Pollution; Noise Pollution; Public Health and Industrial Safety; Coastal Erosion and Flood Control; Wildlife and Bio-Diversity: Environmental Management Techniques: Urban and Regional Planning, Standard Setting; Environmental Impact Assessment; Environmental Audit; Economic Approach. Criminal offences and liabilities created under the various laws relating to environmental protection, state of enforcement of environmental laws and the problems and prospects of criminal prosecution and enforcement. Civil Liability and Remedies for Environmental Pollution and Degradation: Injunction, Damages, Compensatory Regime, Problems of Environmental Valuation, Compensation and Remediation. Environmental litigation: problems of proof, issue of locus standi within the context of the rights of the citizens to participate in environmental management and, the role of Courts in enforcing environmental laws. International Enforcement Mechanisms. Procedures of African Commission; CSCER

LAW 301: GENDER AND THE LAW I                                                                       4 Units

Evolution of feminist Jurisprudence; Evolution of gender and the contributions of feminist jurisprudence; Theories of sexuality; government regulation of sexuality and gender, including sexual orientation and gender identity and expression; The legal construction of gender and how traditional images of men and women influence the \creation of law, and in turn, how reinforces gender stereotypes. The doctrine of privacy, equal protection, freedom of expression, freedom of association.; Discrimination based on sex, and sexual orientation, sexuality and education; Government and censorship of speech; Gender and criminal justice system, social, cultural and biological factors believed to influence how men and women act- most especially with regard to crime and justice; Critique of social clues that teach us how to do our gender and examine the possible consequences for those who fail to conform to these socially prescribed gender norms; Criminal justice professions, criminal offending and criminal victimization that influence gender and gender stereotypes.

LAW 321: GENDER AND THE LAW II                                                                      4 Units

Discrimination by private entities, primary employers on the basis of sex, sexual orientation and gender identity. Specific legislations with focus on women, examination of Nigeria Labour Law relating to women. The notion of sexual harassment, Examination of international Labour Instruments and Case studies. An overview of family law as it affect women; State control of family relationships, including marriage, divorce, custody and adoption; Work of leading theorists on the relationship between gender and stereotypes, Case studies.

LAW 401: LEGAL RESEARCH AND WRITING

Basic Conceptual Issues – Importance of Research to Legal Studies and Practice – Qualitative and Quantitative Research; Law and Empiricism. Research Ethics: Plagiarism; Conflict of Interests – Morality and Research – Culture and Research – Politics and Research – Consent and Confidentiality – Data Collection and Management. Pre­Writing and Draft Preparation. Developing an Idea – Choosing a Topic – Words on Paper – Skimming – The First Draft – The Final Draft – Editing/Proofreading. Referencing and Citation. Importance of Referencing – References and Bibliographies – Different types of Referencing Styles – Citation Guide. Use of the Law Library: Know Your Library – The Role of the Law Librarian – Materials in the Law Library. Case Reporting. The Jurisprudence of Case Law – Components of a Case – Deciphering the Ratio – Relevance of Court Structures – Dissenting Judgments. Digital tools: Finding Open Sources – Prudent Searching – Boolean Operations – Academic and Nonacademic References – Sifting Sources.

PPL 401: LAND LAW I

Concept of Property. Sources of Law of Real Property in Nigeria; Definition of Land. History of the Nigerian Land Tenure System. The tenurial System; The Federal System and Crown (State) Lands, Attempt at Uniform Land Tenure for Nigeria. Land Rights: Nature and Scope; Specific Land Rights Customary Land Law Customary Land Tenure System. Nature of Title to Land under Customary Law; The Concept of Family Property and Management of Family Property; Alienation of Family Property; Use of Power of Attorney by the Family – Protection of Family Property by Action; Determination of family Property; The system of landholding under Benin Customary Law. Customary Land Transactions: Sale of Land at Customary Law; Gift of Land; Borrowing of Land; Customary Tenancy – Customary Pledge. Effects of the Land Use Act on Customary Land Tenure System in Nigeria. Preservation of Customary land tenure system; Protection of Customary landowner’s title by the Land Use Act; The Land Use Act and Customary right of control and management; Transfer of land by Customary land owners; Customary land relationships and the Land Use Act; Revocation of Customary land right and entitlement to compensation. Non-customary Land Law: Estates in Land; English Doctrine of Estate; Creation of Estates under local statutes; Co- ownership; Relationship between Doctrine of Estate and the Land Use Act. The Concept of Settlement: Strict Settlement; Trust for sale; Distinction between Strict Settlement and Trust for Sale; The Land Use Act and Concept of Settlement.

PPL 421: LAND LAWII

Leases and Tenancies: The applicable law and scope of application. The relationship of Landlord and Tenant Lease and Licence; Validity of Leases/Tenancies Creation of Leases/Tenancies; Mode of Creation Documentation; Requirement of Consent; Registration Leases/Tenancies and the Land Use Act; Types of Tenancy; Covenants in Leases; Parties bound by covenants; Types of Covenant; Remedies for breach; Transfer of leasehold interests; Determination of leases: Tenant’s Fixtures; Compensation for improvements Licences. Mortgages: Creation of Mortgages – Mode of Creation; Documentation Form and contents; Nature of mortgagee’s security; Protection and maintenance of security; Nature of mortgagor’s interest; Statutory power to grant and surrender leases under a Mortgage; Redemption of mortgage; Enforcement of mortgage security; Appointment of Receiver; Action for foreclosure; Rights of the mortgagor. Easements: Nature of Easements; Classification of Easements; Acquisition of Easements; Enforceability of Easements; Extinguishment of Easements. Restrictive Covenants: Passing of benefit between original covenantor and successor in title of original covenantee; Passing of burden between original covenantee and successors in title of original covenantor; Running of benefit and burden between successors in title of the original parties; Remedies for breach of Restrictive Covenant; Discharge of Restrictive Covenant. Registration: Registration of Instruments; Registration of Title.

PPL 402: PRINCIPLES OF EQUITY

Introduction to Equity: Evolution of English Equity; Relation between Equity and Law; Criticisms of the system of Equity; Contribution of Equity to the development of English Law; Reception of the doctrine of Equity into Nigerian Law. Maxims of Equity: Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without remedy, Equity follows the law, etc. Methods of enforcing judgment jurisdiction over property abroad. Influence of Equity on Customary Law, Natural justice, equity and good conscience and the meaning of repugnancy doctrine and consequences of repugnancy; Residual Justice Clause Laches and acquiescence and the application. Assignment of Choses in Action, Assignability; Personal nature of contractual rights; Novation and assignment; Effect of equitable assignment; Statutory assignment; Priority of successive assignments. Equitable Estoppel. Evolution of promissory estoppels; Proprietary estoppels Mortgages; Creation of mortgages; Equity of mortgage; Remedies of the mortgagees. Equitable Interests and the Doctrines of Notices. Equitable interest in property Doctrine of notice. Equitable Remedies: Injunction; Rescission; Specific Performance; Rectification Law of Trusts.

PPL 422: LAW OF TRUSTS

Concept, Evolution, Development and Nature; Definition: Historical evolution; Concept of trust in customary law; Effect of the Land Use Act – Trust distinguished from other legal relationship. Classification of Trust: Bare or simple and special trust; Private and charitable trust; Express and presumptive trust. Creation of Trust: Formalities Constitution of trusts Secret trust Resulting Trust Constructive Trust. Charitable Trust: Definition of charity: Heads of charity; Public benefit; Charitable nature; Preservation for failure: the Cypres doctrine. Trustees: Capacity; Appointment; Duties; Control; Removal; Retirement. Remedies of Breach of Trust: Remedies for misapplication of trust property: tracing; Subrogation claims reliant upon tracing; Personal claims for receipt of trust property or its traceable proceeds; Limitation of actions. Overreaching: Accumulation and Perpetuities.

CIL 402: LAW OF BANKING AND NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS I

History and Evolution of banking Industry; Sources of Banking Law; Relevance of Contemporary Developments; Regulatory Institutions- The Central bank of Nigeria; its nature; functions and activities; Banking Business in Nigeria- Banking Services; control of banks; Bank/Customer Relationships; duties of banks; trust and confidence; agency; supply of testimonial; Legal control of banks in Nigeria- Legal control; Banks supervision and examination; restriction on the use of names; legal control of banks staff; job security; Finance Houses and Non-banking institutions-Establishment of Non-banking Institutions, regulatory framework; implications for the economy; role of the central bank of Nigeria and the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporations; Failed banks and malpractices in Banks- management of bank failures; recovery of bank debts.

CIL 422: LAW OF BANKING AND NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS II             4 Units

Money Laundering- Nature and definition; History and statutory regulations; prevention; reform; E- Banking and Internet fraud- Nature and definition, History and statutory regulations; Legal framework for microfinance banking- nature and definition, history, classes, and statutory regulations; Introduction to negotiable instrument – Nature and definition; history; types; Bill of exchange- Parties to a bill; Negotiation of bills; discharge of a bill. Cheques- Types of cheques; Types of crossing; forged signatories; The collecting banker- Definition of a collecting bank; collecting banker and a holder in due course; legal protection of parties to a cheque. Promissory Notes- Promissory note as a negotiable instrument; parties to a note; enforceability of a note; discharge of a note.

JIL 401: CONFLICT OF LAWS I                                                                                 4 Units

Definition and Nature of Conflict of Laws; Interstate, International and Internal Conflict of Laws. Sources of Law: Received English Law; Local Legislation; Rules of Court; Judicial Decisions; Customary & Treaty; International Law. The Conflict of Laws Technique. Connecting Factors Characterization; Renvoi; Time Factor and Incidental Question Limit to Application of Foreign Laws. Non-Choice Areas and Grounds For Exclusion of Otherwise Applicable Law; Requirement of Pleading and Proof; Prohibition of Application of Foreign Penal or Revenue Law and Exclusion of Foreign Law on Ground of Public Policy. Personal Connecting Factors. Domicile, Nationality and Habitual Residence. Marriage in the Conflict of Laws. Nature; Formal and Essential Validity; Polygamous Marriages; Matrimonial Causes; Recognition and Enforcement of Divorce and Nullity Decrees. Torts in the Conflict of Laws: Nature; Connecting Factors; Applicable Choice of Law Rule at Common Law; Nigerian Case Law on Inter-State & International Dimension of Conflict of Tort Laws JIL421 Lecture Outline

JIL 421: CONFLICT OF LAWS II                                                                               4 Units

Contract in the Conflict of Laws: Connecting Factors; Proper Law of Contract; Function and Limit of its Application Property in the Conflict of Laws, Nature & Classification; The Rule in BSA v Companghia De Mocambique; Exceptions thereto; The Rules Applicable to Tangible and Intangible Movables; Foreign Garnishee Orders. Jurisdiction, Sources of Law; Inpersonam and In rem; Discretionary jurisdiction;

Assumed Jurisdiction; Forum Non Conveniens; Contractual Ouster and lis alibi pendens; Inter State Choice of Jurisdiction; the Sheriffs & Civil Process Act. Jurisdictional Immunity. Nature & Sources of Law; Foreign States, Diplomatic & Consular Officers and International Organizations. Enforcement of Foreign Judgment, Common Law and the Statutes (1922 Ordinance & 1961 Act); Importance of Bilateral and Multilateral Treaties; Ministerial Orders and the Observable Lacunae in our Law; Enforcement of Judgments of other States Courts under the Sheriffs & Civil Process Act.

CIL 401: LAW OF PERSONAL AND PROPERTY TAXATION                           4 Units

Introduction, definition, nature, functions, essence of taxation, distinction between taxes, duties, fee and levies, sources of taxation law with special focus on fiscal contents of budgetary provisions, classification of taxes, historical development of the taxation globally and in Nigeria. Division of Taxing Powers, distinction between, regulatory powers, the concept of double taxation and multiplicity of taxes. Principles for interpreting tax statues, Evasion and avoidance, Tax Offences and Penalties. Framework for personal income taxation in Nigeria – the basis of liability to tax in Nigeria under the Personal Income Tax Act, Direct Assessment. Pay As You Earn (PAYE) Scheme. Personal Income Tax Administration — Powers and Functions of Federal Inland Revenue Service, State Board of Internal Revenue, Joint Tax Board (JTB), Local Government Revenue Committee and States’ Joint Local Government Revenue Committee. Principles of Property Taxation, Tenement Rates and Land Use Charge.

CIL 421: LAW OF BUSINESS TAXATION                                                              4 Units

General Principles of Companies Income Taxation – Theories of taxation of company, history, basis of liability to tax under the Companies Income Tax Act (CITA), ascertainment of profits, incentives and reliefs, returns, assessments, appeals, collection, recovery and payment of tax, withholding tax system, Corporate liability for tax offences and penalties. Administration of Companies Income Tax. Tax Audit and Investigation. Enforcement and Recovery. Value Added Tax. Petroleum Profits. Capital Gains Tax and Tax, Education Tax. Stamp Duties. Taxation of investment income. International Taxation.

JIL 402: OIL AND GAS LAW I                                                                                    4Units

Meaning of Oil and Gas. What is Petroleum? – Geographical Habitat – Liquid and Gaseous State of Petroleum Differences between Oil and Gas – Legislation applicable to Oil and Gas – Onshore and Offshore location of reservoirs National and International Law impact on Oil and Gas. International Aspects of Oil and Gas. The Legal Definition of the Habitat of Oil and Gas – The Continental Shelf and Territorial Sea – The Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf 1958 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 Rights of Coastal States Rights of Coastal States to explore and exploit natural resources. Ownership of Mineral Resources under National and International Law. Ownership rights conferred on the Federal Government e.g. Petroleum Act, 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and the Land Use Act – Concept of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources Onshore and Offshore Ownership of Mineral Resources. Nature and Type of Concessions. Traditional Concession Agreements Parties to Concessional Agreements Nature and Characteristics of Concession Agreements Benefits and Burdens of Concession Agreements. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Concept and nature of OPEC Structure and Functions of OPEC Role of OPEC in development of Oil and Gas Impact of OPEC in member countries Advantages and Disadvantages of Nigeria’s OPEC membership. Contractual Agreements and State Participation. New forms of Contractual Agreements and Move away from Concessions Contractual Arrangements under Joint Venture Agreements, Production Sharing Contracts, Service Contracts and Risk Service Agreements Advantages and Disadvantages of Contractual Arrangements Contract that best suits Nigeria and Rationale. Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Human Resources and Technology Transfer. Structure of the NNPC Statutory Framework and Governance in NNPC Human Resources Development in Contract and Legislation Rationale and Need for Technology Transfer – Technology Transfer and Local Content.

JIL 422:OIL AND GAS LAW II

Oil and Gas Pipelines: Pipelines nature and functions – National and International Law aspects – Nature of Oil Pipeline licences – Ownership and use – Concept of Common Carriage Easements – Rights and Obligations of Licensee Safety and Inspection Compensation: Civil and Criminal Responsibilities Trespass and Sabotage. Oil Revenue Allocation. Concept of Oil Producing States – Meaning of Oil Producing States – History of Revenue Allocation Formula – Constitutional Provisions – Beneficiaries of Allocations – AG Fed v A-G Abia State – Conflict between States on Oil revenue. Transfer of Oil and Gas Technology. Meaning and Scope of Technology Transfer: Duty of Licensees – Breach of Duty and Consequences – Political and Economic Constraints Neo-colonialism and the Question of Technology transfer in Oil and Gas Sector NOTAP PETAN PTDF – Nigerian Content Act. Administration of Petroleum Profits (Taxation). Determination of Petroleum Profits – Incentives In Petroleum and Utilisation of Associated Gas – Petroleum Profit Tax regime – Role of FIRS – Impact of Double Taxation Agreements – Fiscal Provisions in Contracts and Laws. Oil Refinery and Processing Plants: Meaning -Material Scope; Petroleum, Gas, Processing Plants, Refinery – Public Ownership Privatisation – Licensing Refineries: Qualification for Licenses, Procedure for Acquisition, and Nature of Licences. Oil and Gas Pollution: Meaning and Causes – Geographical Scope: Land, Sea and Air – International Aspects of Pollution – Impact of Pollution on Living and Non-living Resources (including man) – Social, Corporate and State Responsibilities to prevent Pollution – Compensation for Pollution Damage – Legal Remedies for Pollution: Adequacy and Legal Redress. Expropriation: Concept in International Law – Expropriation, Nationalisation and Confiscation Distinguished – Legality of Expropriation – Impact of United Nations Resolutions (Permanent Sovereignty) – Problems of Compensation. Settlement of Oil and Gas Disputes: Meaning of Dispute-Machinery for Settlement – Justifiable and Non-Justifiable Disputes – Settlement Provided at Common Law – Concession Contracts and Statutes – Compensation Damages and Reparation Settlement under (I.C.S.I.D.) – Settlement under International Law – Arbitration.

CIL 403: LAW OF INSURANCE I

Nature, History, scope and purpose of insurance, Fundamental principles of insurance –

insurable interest. Utmost good faith and non- disclosure. Warranties and conditions. Formation of contract of insurance. Role of Intermediaries, Risk and causation- new risks and new covers; internet and global challenges. Settlement of insurance claims. Rules and procedure- quantum and methods of assessment. Subrogation and double insurance.

CIL 423: LAW OF INSURANCE II                                                                            4 Units

Regulation and regulatory framework of insurance; Marine Insurance Law; Micro­Insurance law; Motor Insurance law; Life insurance law; Fire insurance law; Property insurance law.

JIL 501: JURISPRUDENCE AND LEGAL THEORY                                           4 Units

Nature of Jurisprudence: Distinction(s) between jurisprudence and legal theory; jurisprudence as the philosophy or science of law; problems of defining law. Law, Morals and Religion: The convergence and divergence of law, morals and religion; legal enforcement of morals and the role of morals in the enforcement of law; the trichotomy within the context of Nigerian law. Law and Justice: Law, order and justice; justice as an extra-legal standard; law, justice and jurisprudential antinomies. Law, Revolution and Legitimation: Law, stability and change; jurisprudential aspects of the overthrow of legitimate governments; problems of law in a rebel enclave; law in the aftermath of a rebellion. The Judicial Process: Coulrts and the legal process; legal reasoning and legal development; the judiciary, the common law and the common man; judges and the legal mystique. Fundamental Legal Concepts: The need for clarity and precision in the law; understanding basic legal concepts such as person, possession, ownership, property, sovereignty, command, sanction, right, duty, power, liability, immunity and privilege.

JIL521: JURISPRUDENCE AND LEGAL THEORY II                                        4 Units

Natural Law; Afro-Asian antecedents; the Graeco-Roman heritage; the scholastic era; the natural right to rebel; neo-naturalism; Utilitarianism: Individual vs. social utilitarianism; utilitarianism as the leitmotif of the modern liberal state; Historical and Anthropological Approaches: The ‘spirit’ of laws; law as national culture; historicist tendencies and legal development; Sociological Jurisprudence: Legal sociology, sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence; law and the pursuit of interests; social engineering and the post-colonial state; Marxism and Law: The dialectical materialist paradigm and the law; the relevance of law as a class category in the 21st century; Analytical Positivism: Law as a model of rules or a complex of norms; rules, principles and standards in formal legal analysis: The Realist School: Law as experience and law as fact; the critical legal studies movement as realism in the late 20th century; post-Modernist ideas; Thinking about Law in Africa: Traditional concepts of law and justice in Africa; jurisprudential throwbacks on concepts such as constitutionalism, due process, separation of powers, checks balances, etc.; the trajectory of African jurisprudence in the 21st century.

CIL 501: COMPANY LAW                                                                                           4 Units

Forms of Business Associations: Introduction to Forms of Business Associations – Sole Trader/Sole Proprietorship; Partnerships; Business Names; Registered Trustees. History of Company Law: Evolution and Developments in England; Introduction in Nigeria; Relevance to Contemporary Developments. Introductory Concepts: Corporate Personality and its Advantages; Separate Entity Principle; Limited Liability Principle; and Lifting the Veil of Incorporation. Types of Companies: Statutory Companies; Private Companies; Public Companies; Foreign Companies. Incorporation of Companies: Documents of Incorporation; Choice and Reservation of Name; Conversion of Companies; Foreign Companies. Promoters and Pre-Incorporation Contracts: Definition of Promoters; Duties of Promoters; Definition of Pre-incorporation contracts; Liability on Pre-incorporation contracts. Capacity and Power of Companies. Nature of Power; Participation in Politics/ Concept of State Capture; Capacity to Contract; Forms of Company Contracts. Memorandum of Association and the Concept of Ultra Vires. Nature and content of memorandum of Association; Alteration of Memorandum of Association; Doctrine of Ultra Vires At Common Law; Ultra Vires under the CAMA. The Articles of Association: Nature and content of Articles of Association; Alteration of Articles; Interpretation: Effect of Memorandum and Articles of Association: Company Capital: Concept of capital; Relevance of Capital; Various types of the Configuration of company capital. Rules on Alteration of Capital: Increase of Capital; Reduction of Capital; Maintenance of Capital. Majority Rule and Minority Protection. Corporate Rights and Personal Rights; Forms of Action; The Rule in Foss v Harbottle; Winding up on the Just and Equitable Rule; The Unfairly Prejudicial Rule

CIL 521: LAW OF PARTNERSHIPS AND OTHER ORGANISATIONS            4 Units

Organs of Corporate Administration: The General Meetings; Types of general Meetings; Statutory meeting; Annual General meeting; Extra Ordinary General meeting; Notices; Quorum; Resolutions; Voting; The Organs – The Board of Directors; Managing Director; Members in general meeting. Directors: Basic Matters, Number of Directors; Appointment; First Directors; subsequent Directors; Vacancies; share Qualification; Qualification and Vacancies; Remuneration; Loans to directors; Removal. Duties of directors: Fiduciary Duty; Test of Management; Test of Proper Purpose; Secret Profits; Abuse of Confidence; Competition; Duty of Care of Skill; Validity of Acts of Directors. Issue, Sale and Transfer of Shares: Definitions and Classification; Construction of Class rights; Public Issues and private Placement; Payment for shares; Transmission of shares; Pre-emption Rights; Forfeiture o Shares; Transfers of shares and Restrictions on Transfer; Certification of shares; Forged Transfer; Conversion of shares. Insider Dealings and Capital Market Manipulations. Capital Market Institutions; Definition of Insider Dealings; Who is an Insider; Fraudulent Trading; Price Manipulation; Market Manipulations. Mergers and Acquisitions. Definition of terms; Schemes of Compromise and Arrangements; Mergers and Acquisitions; Take-Overs; Other Forms of Reconstructions. Inspection and Investigation of Companies. Philosophy of Inspection and Investigation; Powers of Investigation; Appointment of Inspectors; Power of Inspectors. Winding Up and Liquidation: Voluntary Liquidation; Compulsory Liquidation; Creditors’ Interests in Liquidation; The Partnership Rule. Partnerships: Definition and Construction of Partnership; The firm and Partnership Property; General Rules of Construction; Liability of the Firm and Partners to Third Parties; Liability of Partners Inter se; Dissolution of Partnerships; Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP).

PUL 501: LAW OF EVIDENCE I                                                                                 4 Units

Meaning and Clarification of Evidence: Introduction to the Law of Evidence- Meaning of Evidence- Classification- Sources of Nigerian Law of Evidence-Application of the Evidence Act- Evidence in Civil and Criminal Cases. Relevancy and Admissibility: Facts which Are Relevant- Res gestae- Facts Relevant in Special Circumstances- Illegally Obtained Evidence- Discretion to Exclude Prejudicial Evidence. Estoppel: Estoppel by record- Estoppel in Criminal Cases, The Use and Effect of Estoppel per Judicatam, The Doctrine of Standing by- Estoppel by Conduct- Estoppel by Tenant- Estoppel of Bailee, Agent and Licensee-Estoppel by person signing-Estoppel by Deed, Estoppel by agreement, Standard of proof in civil and criminal cases, Proof of allegations in criminal and civil proceedings. Burden and Standard of Proof: Burden of Proof- Meaning/Definition of burden of proof, Burden of Proof in Civil Cases, Burden of Proof in Criminal Cases, Exceptional Cases, Evidential Burden of Proof, Burden of Proof in Pleadings, Burden of Proof in Criminal Cases. Similar Facts Evidence: Evidence of Similar Facts- The Exceptions, Common Origin, System, Proof of Identity, Proof of Intention, Proof of Particular Knowledge. Facts that need not be proved: Formal Admissions- Presumptions and Judicial Notice, Informal, Admissions, Confessions, Judges Rules.

PUL 521: LAW OF EVIDENCE II                                                                                4 Units

Competence and Compellability: Competence and Compellability, Competence of Children, Competence of Spouse, Competence in Criminal Pleadings. Documentary Evidence: Definition and Categories of Documents, Notice to Produce, Affidavits, Proof of Execution of Documents, Proof of Contents of Documents, Presumptions as to Documents, Primary Evidence and Secondary Evidence. Electronic and Computer Generated Evidence. Corroboration: Nature of Corroboration-Unsworn Evidence of a Child, Cases in which Corroboration is Required Under the Act, Evidence of an Accomplice, Evidence of a Co-accused, Treason and Treasonable Offences, Perjury, Sedition-Sexual Offences, Sworn Evidence of a Child, Exceeding Speed Limit, Matrimonial Causes- Absent Witness, Evidence of Agent Provocateur, Criminal Cases, Witnesses with Interest, Cases requiring corroboration as a matter of law, Cases requiring corroboration as a matter of judicial practice, Cases requiring statutory warning instead of corroboration: Character of Evidence: Meaning of Character, Bad and good character, Particulars of the exceptions, The exception to the general rule, Proof of Previous Convictions After the Verdict, Proof of Good Character, Evidence of Character in Civil Cases, Evidence of Character, Evidence of Character in Civil Cases, Evidence of Character in Criminal Cases, Methods of Proving Previous Convictions. Hearsay Evidence and its Exception: Hearsay Evidence, Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule, Statements by Deceased Persons, Evidence of a Witness in Former Proceedings, Admissions, Electronic Evidence, Confessions, Res Gestae- Affidavit Evidence, Statements Made in Special Circumstances, Judges’ Rule. Privileges: State privilege, Private, privilege. Opinion: Evidence of Opinion, Opinion of Experts, Opinion of Ordinary Witness. Visit to Locus in quo. Wrongful Admission and Exclusion of Evidence; Wrongful Admission or Exclusion of Evidence not leading to a Reversal of Decision Appealed, Wrongful Admission or Exclusion of Evidence resulting in the Reversal of the Decision, Wrongful Admission or Exclusion of Evidence resultingin a Re-trial.

JIL 502: PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW I

The Nature of Public International Law. Definition and scope of international law; the nature of the international legal order; Public International law and Private International Law; History of Public International Law. Origins of states and the development of inter-state relations; antecedents of contemporary international law; doctrines of international law in historical perspective. Sources of International Law: Formal and Material Sources; Treaties; Custom; General Principles of Law; Subsidiary Sources. International Law and Municipal Law: Theoretical Perspectives Dualism, Monism, Harmonization; Municipal Law in International Claims; International Law in Municipal Courts. Subjects of International Law: Established Subjects States and International Institutions; Nature, Elements and Classification; Controversial Subjects Diminutive States; Non-State Entities and Individuals; State Territory and State Succession. Recognition: Theories of Recognition; Recognition of States and Recognition of Governments; Recognition de Jure and Recognition de Facto; Recognition of Insurgents and Belligerents; Legal Effects of Recognition. Jurisdiction: The Principle of Jurisdiction in Civil and Criminal Matters; Sovereign Immunity; Extradition and Asylum.

JIL 522: PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW II                                                         4 Units

The Law of Treaties: Nature and Classification of Treaties; Formation of Treaties; Validity of Treaties; Implementation of Treaties; Interpretation of Treaties; Termination and Suspension of Treaties. Diplomatic and Consular Law: Sources; Diplomatic Status and Ranks; Privileges and Immunities; Special Missions; Consular Protection of Nationals Abroad. International Protection of Human Rights: Evolution, International Instruments; Regional Charters; the Right to Development and Good Governance; the Rights of Women; Child Rights; the Right to Education; Environmental Rights. State Responsibility: Nature and Kinds of State Responsibility; Forms of Redress; International Claims and Enforcement. The Law of International Institutions: The United Nations (UN) Structure and Role of its Various Organs; Reform and Revision of the UN Charter; from the Organization of African Unity (OAU) to the African Union (AU) History, Structure and Role; the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) History, Structure and Role. Pacific Settlement of Disputes: Diplomatic Methods of Dispute Settlement Inquiry; Good Offices; Mediation and Conciliation; International Adjudication through the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Composition of the Court; Access; Jurisdiction in Contentious Cases and Advisory Opinions; Jurisdiction; the Optional Protocol; Applicable Law. The Law of Armed Conflict: Use of Force under Contemporary International Law; Jus ad helium vs. Jus in bello; International Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement; International Humanitarian Law in a Changing World.

PUL 502: CRIMINOLOGY I                                                                                         4 Units

Meaning and scope of criminology, purpose of criminology. History and development of criminological thought and phenomenology. Criminological research methods. Criminal statistics. Outlines of aetiology of crime: socio-economic theories, social psychological theories, biological and psychiatric theories of crime causation.

PUL 522: CRIMINOLOGY II                                                                                       4 Units

Special problems in criminology and criminal justice: e.g. robbeiy, criminal assassinations, drugs and narcotics, alcoholism, juvenile delinquency, crime and development, technology and crime, corruption and organized crime- nature and scope, distribution, pattern and trends. Victimology in crime. Philosophies of punishment, correction and treatment. Legal framework for criminal justice administration and treatment of (a) Juvenile offenders (b) Adult offenders. Outline of sentences and disposition measures for the treatment of offenders in Nigeria. Sentencing attitudes and practices. Strategies and Techniques for the treatment of: Juvenile offenders; Victim Remedies. Penal Reform

PPL 501: PLANNING LAW I                                                                                        4 Units

This course is meant to expose students to the basic framework of planning and the theory. This course shall focus on Planning Law covering the following topics, amongst others: basic Planning Concepts; Evolution of Planning Laws and Regulations in Nigeria; Power to make Planning Laws in a Federation; Jurisdiction of Courts and Tribunals in Planning matters; Effects of the Land Use Act on Planning; zoning and its socio-economic implications in the developing world; master plans and building schemes: challenges and prospects; Analysis of the urban and Regional Planning Laws of Nigeria.

PPL 521; PLANNING LAW II                                                                                      4 Units

Classification and distinction between various heads of compulsory acquisition scheme and relevance to Nigerian case; compulsory acquisition and private rights in property; eminent domain and statutory compulsory acquisition; revocation of right of occupancy; compensation and Land use act; Compensation for extractive purposes; heads of Compensation; Civil Liability for damages caused by oil pollution; Compensation and the Nigeria Petroleum Industry.

PPL 502: CONVEYANCING LAW                                                                               4 Units

Reason for contract involving sale of land and real estate and conveyance practice; distinction between a contract and Conveyance and the reason why it is necessary to have a contract before Conveyance. Rules applying to contract and the means of acquiring land in Nigeria. Terms or conditions in a contract and their legal implications to the vendor and purchaser. Preliminary considerations by the vendor and purchaser before entering into contract of sale of real property. It also involves a detailed study of Requisitions, preliminary investigation of title, and registration of various interests at the Land Registry. Remedies for breach of contract before and after exchange of contract. Practical steps to perfection of interest in land through Governors consent, stamping at the stamp duties office and Registration at the Land Registry.

PPL 522: CONVEYANCING LAW II                                                                          4 Units

Meaning of Deed of Conveyance; the various parts of a Deed and its functions as it relates to parties to the transaction. Various interests in land namely, Mortgages, Leases, Assignments, Subleases, Powers of Attorney-method of creation, content, covenants, perfection and termination. Disposition of family land, the rules and procedures for obtaining consent under the Land Use Act. Registration of instrument and stamp duty. Testamentary disposition of real and personal property. Form and contents of the assignment, of right of occupancy such as date, parties, consideration and receipt, parcels, habendum, covenant for title; nature of certificate of occupancy.

PPL 503: LAW OF SUCCESSION                                                                               4 Units

Introduction to the Law of Succession: Definition of Terms – Sources of Law of Succession: Received English Law, Nigerian Legislation and Case Law, Customary Law, The Armed Forces Act (Decree 105 of 1993) – Testate Succession – Intestate Succession. Intestate Succession under Customary Law: Introduction – Establishing Customary Laws – The Repugnancy Test -Types of Customary Law: Yoruba Customary Law; Bini Customary Law; Igbo Customary Law; Northern Customary Law; Islamic Rules. Intestate Succession under the Intestacy Rules and Administration of Estates Laws: Introduction — Definition of Terms — Distribution of Deceased’s Estate and Priority of Beneficiaries. Testate Succession – Wills: Definition of a Will – Applicable Laws – Requirements for a valid Will – Capacity of a Testator: Age and Mental Capacity, The Rule in Parker v Felgate, Blind Persons – Knowledge and Approval of the Content of a Will – Undue Influence – Nature of a Will- Revocation of a Will – Revival of a Will – Preponderance of a Will over Customary Law and Intestacy Rules – Nuncupative Wills – Position of Military Personnel on Wills. Construction of Wills: Introduction – Procedure: Introductory Clause – Revoking Clause -Clauses for Funeral Arrangements or Body Disposal – Definition or Interpretation Clause – Appointing Clause – Charging Clause – Indemnity Clause – Gift Clause – Trusts – Supplementary Clauses – Surviving Clauses – Attestation Clause – Alterations – Solicitors Influence – Joint Wills – Mutual Wills – Lost Wills – Safe Custody.

PPL 523: ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES LAW                                                 4 Units

Definition of Terms – Types of Personal Representatives – Executors – Administrators Modes of Appointment – The Chain of Representation – Causes and Effects of Break in the Chain of Representation – Requirements for Appointment as Personal Representatives/Executors. Probate: Introduction – Definition of Terms – Types of Probate – Types of Grant – Persons Entitled to a Grant of Probate. Letter of Administration. Application for a Letter of Administration – Publication of Applications – Grant of Letter of Administration – Incomplete Grants – Time Frame for the Grant of Letter of Administration. Effects of the Grant of Probate: Introduction – Powers of Executors/Administrators – Exercise of the Powers of Administrators – The Principle of “Relation Back” – The Duties of Personal Representatives. Payment of Probate Duties and Estate Taxes: Introduction – Disclosure of all Assets – Assessment for Probate Duties -Taxable Assets – Non-Taxable Assets – Estate Taxes. Administration by Administrator- General: Introduction – When the Grant of Administration would be made to the Administrator-General – Administration by the Administrator-General – Rights and Liabilities of the Administration General – Revocation of the Grant to the Administrator General. Revocation of the Grants: The Revocation of Probate or Letters of Administration – Effects of Revocation. Distribution of Estate of the Deceased: Settlement of Debts and Liabilities – Determining the Beneficiaries – Distribution Under a Will – Distribution Under Intestacy – Distribution of Assets under Native. Law and Custom – Position of Wife of the Intestate under Native Statutory Law and Customary Law – Gift to Executors – Rights of a Retainer – Creation of a Statutory Trust for Infant Children – The Hotpotch Principle- Inter vivos Gifts. Resealing Grants. Application for a Resealing Grant -Resealing of Property within Nigeria – Resealing of Property in foreign Jurisdictions – Multiple Grantees Application for Resealing. Winding Up of the Administration of the Estate of the Deceased- Filing of Accounts by the Personal Representatives – Final Discharge of the Personal Representatives.

CIL 502: INDUSTRIAL LAW I                                                                                    4 Units

Rudiments of basic employment contracts and the rights emanating there from. Sources of employment law; the rights and obligations of parties at common law and under statute. Private employment contracts distinguished from employments in the public sector particularly with respect to the right to terminate an employment contract. Health and safety, legal provisions concerning vulnerable groups at work. Job security and employee compensation for injuries sustained in the ordinary course of work.

CIL 522: INDUSTRIAL LAW II                                                                                  4 Units

Legal regulation of industrial relations. Collective labour activities: formation of trade unions and the scope of their activities within constitutional and legal limits. The right to collective bargaining; right to information and the right to strike examined from the constitutional, common law and statutory perspectives. Machinery for the settlement of trade disputes. New developments concerning jurisdictional issues of the appropriate courts.

CIL 503: SHIPPING AND ADMIRALTY LAW I                                                      4 Units

Purpose and relevance of existing laws in relation to the maritime industry. Public control of shipping and navigation. Ownership Registration: Qualification for owning and the procedure for the registration of a ship, the registry, change of ownership, security of transactions i.e. ship mortgages and sale of ship. Admiralty Jurisdiction: Actions in rem and actions in personal, procedural aspects of arrest of ship, maritime lien, immunity of state-owned vessels, maritime liens. The Navigation of Ships and Safety of Sea: Navigation rules, pilots and pilotage, lighthouses and other aids to navigation, duties and liabilities of those who control navigable waterways, harbours and docks, collisions and liability for damage, collision litigation (i.e. negligence causing loss), computation of damages, apportionment of damages, and limitation of liability. Salvage, Towage and Wreck: Nature of salvage, property the subject of salvage, salvage awards and liability for salvage award. Rights of Seamen and Maritime Workers: The seaman’s contract of service, rights and duties, wages, welfare, safety, and accommodation, manning and certification, discipline, termination, redundancy and unfair dismissal. Marine Pollution and Control: Oil Pollution, Dumping and liability for pollution. Cabotage Law in Nigeria.

CIL 523: SHIPPING AND ADMIRALTY LAW II                                                    4 Units

Purpose and Relevance of existing Land in relation to marine arena. Contract and Documents: Mercantile terms of shipment e.g. FOB CIF, FAS, INCOTERMS etc. Contracts of affreightment Charter Parties: Types of Charter Parties: Bill of Lading Voyage charter party, Time charter party, Demise charter party. Bills of Lading and their functions: Functions of bills of lading, presentation of a bill of lading and problems in presentation, exclusion of liability, general average. International correnlius in matters relating to Bill of Lading. The application of Hague and Hamburg Rules: Basic provisions of the Rules as regards scope of application, duties of the parties, rights and liability.

JIL 503: LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE I                                                       4 Units

Nature and Concepts of International Trade Law. Definition and scope of international trade law – Nature and Development of international trade law. International Export Contracts: F.O.B contracts – C.I.F. contracts – passing of property and transfer of risk – remedies of buyers and sellers. Transportation of Goods by Sea – Charter parties: Types of charter parties: voyage, time and demise charter parties – common law obligations – immunities. Transportation of Goods by Air: Warsaw Convention and other international protocols – airway bill and negotiability – consignor’s rights and responsibilities – consignee’s rights and responsibilities. Bills of Lading and their Functions: Overview of the bill of lading – Functions of the bill of lading – Presentation of a bill of lading – Problems with the presentation of the bill of lading; Electronic bills of lading. Performance Bonds and Letters of Credit: Documentary credits – Types of letters of credit – Bankers guarantee or performance bonds: nature, discharge, and termination – Relationship between beneficiary and issuer. Marine Insurance for Cargo: Nature and scope of marine insurance contracts – Principles of marine insurance law – Obligations of the insured – Liability of the insurer. Electronic Commerce: Policy considerations – international regulatory measures – problems and prospects of e-commerce.

JIL 523: LAW OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE II                                                     4 Units

Concept and Ideas of International Trade Law. Terminology – Theories, and controversies in international trade- Globalisation vs. regionalism. International Regulation/Influences. UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods 1980 – Hague Visby Rules – International Monetary Fund (IMF) – World Bank; UN Organizations: United Nations Conference on Trade Development (UNCTAD) – United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL): Regional Trade Blocks: European Union (EU) – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – Common Market of the Southern Cone (MERCOSUR) – Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) – Asia Pacific Economic Community (APEC); Inter-Regional Arrangements: European Union (EU) Africa Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Cotonou Agreement – US Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGO A) – Lagos Plan of Action; The World Trade Organization (WTO); GATT- Introduction to WTO – Substantive Rules of the WTO – WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding.

LAW 502: RESEARCH PROJECT                                                                            6 UNITS

Writing of research project by final year students.

REGULATIONS AND THE CONDUCT OF EXAMINATIONS

• Appointment of Examiners

(a) Internal Examiner

• Senate shall, at a reasonable time before the date of each examination, on the recommendation of the Academic Board/ Board of Studies concerned, appoint from among the Academic staff of the University a Panel of Examiners in each subject or discipline who shall be called Internal Examiners. The current Head of Department/Unit shall be designated Chief Examiner. The list of members of the Panel may be subsequently amended by Senate on the recommendation of the Academic Board/Board of Studies.
• For each examination, there shall be a Board of Examiners, which shall consist of a Chairman (usually the appropriate Provost/Dean and the various Panels of Examiners in the College/Faculty/School as appointed by Senate.

(b)Extemal Examiners

• Senate shall on the recommendation of the Academic Board/Board of Studies concerned appoint at least one External Examiner in each subject at each examination leading to the award of a degree of the University.
• External Examiners shall be appointed annually, but wherever possible, appointment may be renewed each year. An External Examiner shall not serve more than three consecutive years.
• External Examiners shall receive such remuneration for their services as may be determined from time to time by Council.
• to assist in the conduct of examinations for which they have been appointed;
• to satisfy themselves as to the appropriateness of the question papers, having regard to the approved syllabus for the course and the level of the examination;
• to mark, or to revise the marking of the scripts or such portions of the scripts of candidates as they may wish to examine in consultation with the Internal Examiner in the subject;
• To attend such practical and oral examinations, where applicable, after consultations with the Internal Examiner in the subject. In exceptional cases. Senate may exempt External Examiners from such examinations.
• to participate in the determination of results;
• At the completion of each examination to submit a report to the Vice- Chancellor.
• Functions of Panel and Board

The examination results for all courses in each unit shall be considered in the first instance by the Panel of Examiners, the meeting of which the External Examiner in each subject shall, if present at the University, attend. The Panel shall report to the Board of Examiners, who shall, on behalf of the Academic Board/ Board of Studies, advise Senate on the result of the examinations in the College/Faculty/School/ Institute. The Chairman of the Board of Examiner’s shall sign the provisional results.

• Question Papers
• The Chief Examiner shall submit relevant draft questions to the External Examiner for his comments and agreement. The External Examiner may in agreement with the Chief Examiner, amend or substitute questions as he sees it. The agreement of the External Examiner to the questions shall be signified by his signature on the manuscript. Not later than one month before the date of each examination, the Chief Examiner shall submit to the College Secretary University Examinations Officer, manuscripts containing the agreed questions for the examination in his subjects.
• The papers in each course must be within the approved syllabus for the examination. Drafts must contain all the necessary rubrics, e.g. time allowed, course code, title and any other instructions to candidates. The manuscripts shall normally be signed by all the Examiners directly concerned.
• Maps, drawing and sketches needed for reproduction on examination papers must be sent in a form which can be reproduced without redrawing. Copyright material must be acknowledged on the paper.
• All examination papers, whether in draft or in proof, shall be forwarded to the University Examinations Officer, who shall ensure that the papers are properly reproduced, kept and transmitted to the Invigilators under conditions of adequate security.
• The Chief Examiners are responsible for the correctness of question papers and must therefore exercise great care in their preparation.
• The contents of examination papers shall not be disclosed to any unauthorised person.
• Schedule of Examination
• At least four weeks before the examination period, a preliminary time table shall be prepared by the University Time-Table Committee and circulated and posted by the Office of the College Secretary/Academic Secretary. Conflicts shall be reported through Dean to the Academic Office immediately and by a specified date. After this date, no change shall be made except as approved by the College Secretary/Academic Secretary. A final time-table shall be prepared, circulated and posted approximately two weeks prior to the examination period.
• Final examinations shall normally be of not more than three hours duration.
• Instruction to Candidates
• In order to be permitted to sit for an examination, candidates shall normally be expected to attend a minimum of 65% of the lectures and classes for the courses in which they are registered.
• Candidates must attend punctually at the times assigned to their papers, and must be ready to be admitted into the examination hall ten minutes before the time the examination is due to start. Candidates shall not be permitted in any circumstance to enter the examination hall more than ten minutes before the time appointed for the commencement of the examination Candidates arriving more than an hour after the examination has started shall be admitted only at the discretion of the Chief Invigilator.
• Similarly, save with the special permission of the Chief Invigilator, candidates may not leave the examination hall during the first V2 hour or the last quarter of an hour of the examination. Outside those periods, candidates, with the permission of the Invigilator, may leave the room temporarily and then only if accompanied by an attendant.
• Candidates must bring with them to the examination hall their own ink, pens, and pencils and any other materials which may be permitted by the Panel of Examiners for the particular examination.
• While the examination is in progress, communication between candidates is strictly forbidden and any candidate found to be giving or receiving irregular assistance may be required to withdraw from the examination.
• Silence must be observed in Examination Hall. – The normal way of attracting the attention of the Invigilator is by the candidate raising his hand.
• The use of any paper other than the supplied answer sheet is not permitted. All rough work must be done in the answer books, and grossed neatly through. Supplementary answer books even if they contain only rough work, must be tied inside the main answer book.
• Answers must be written in English unless otherwise started on a separate page.
• Before handing in their scripts at the end of the examination, candidate must satisfy themselves that they have inserted at the appropriate places the examination numbers of the questions they answered.
• It will be the responsibility of each candidate to hand in his script to the invigilator before he leaves the hall. Except for the question paper and any other authorised materials they may have brought with them, Candidates are not allowed to remove, fold or mutilate any paper or material supplied by the University.
• Candidates are advised in their own interest to write legibly and to avoid using faint ink. Candidates are responsible for the legibility of their scripts. Should three members of the opposite examination panel including the initial examiner of a script and two others appointed by the Chief Examiner to review it, judge the script to be illegible, it will be unacceptable. In such event, the candidate shall be deemed to have failed the examination.

GENERAL CONDUCT OF WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS

• Candidates must be seated far enough’ apart from one another and all candidates must be visible to the invigilator at his seat. The desks or laboratory benches shall be so arranged as to make it possible for the invigilator to reach each candidate with ease.
• A large clock shall be permanently displayed in an examination hall.
• The Examination Officer shall make available for each examination the following materials:
• Examination papers;
• Answer booklets and supplementary sheets
• A list of candidates
• Attendance register or attendance sheets
• Candidates must come with proper identification.
• No smoking shall be allowed in the Examination Hall
• In each hall there shall be not less than two Invigilators for between 50 and 100 candidates and one additional invigilator for every additional 100 or less. One of the invigilators shall be designated the Chief Invigilator. There shall be at least one attendant in each hall, due provision being made for the presence of male and female attendants.
• Invigilators shall normally be appointed from among the members of the academic staff. For each examination, a teacher of the course being examined shall be an invigilator.
• It shall be the duty of the invigilators to exercise constant and vigilant supervision over the candidates. Chief Invigilators shall use their discretion in the handling of any cases of misconduct by candidates, but shall send report on each ease to the Chief Examiner immediately on the completion of the paper in which the act of misconduct took place.
• The invigilator shall collect the question papers (in sealed packets) and other examination materials from the Examination Officer or his nominee and shall report at the examination hall at least one quarter or an hour before the examination is due to start.
• Each of the sealed packets of examination papers shall be opened in the presence of the candidates at the time appointed for the commencement of the examination in the course to which the packet relates.
• While the examination is in progress, no unauthorized person shall be allowed to enter the hall.
• The time appointed for the examination in each paper as indicated in the timetable shall as much as possible be adhered to.
• Immediately after the distribution of each paper, the Chief Invigilator shall instruct the candidates to see that they have the papers for which they were entered.
• No candidate may leave the examination hall during the first hour of an examination except to go to the lavatory, and then only provided that an attendant accompanies him/her. Normally no candidate shall be admitted after the first hour of the examination and no question Paper shall be removed from the hall before the first hour of the examination has elapsed.
• If any candidate shall have finished answering a paper before the time required, the Chief Invigilator may at his discretion allow the candidate to give up his answer book and retire, except that candidates may not normally leave during the first hour and the last quarter of an hour of an examination.
• Silence must be maintained throughout the examination by both the invigilators and the candidates.
• Invigilators must warn candidates of the time, thirty minutes and five minutes before the close of an examination.
• At the end of each examination, candidates must handover their scripts to the invigilator in an orderly manner. Invigilators must check these from the candidates.

EXAMINATION MISCONDUCT AND STUDENT DISCIPLINE

• General
• Any action which prejudices the integrity of the .University examinations shall be considered to be an academic misconduct and shall be punishable by appropriate disciplinary action.
• With respect to all proceedings under the University’s rules and regulations relating to academic discipline, each student shall be presumed innocent until the contrary has been established. Provided however, that where any students is found to be in possession of any written documents other than that supplied or used in the examination the onus shall be on him to prove that it was not intended for use in the examination.
• Academic Misconduct

Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, academic misconduct shall be deemed to include, but shall not be limited to, the following:

• Cheating on examinations, assignments, term papers, reports project or any other tests which are to be used in judging the student’s performance in a course or programme of study. Cheating includes copying from another student’s work or allowing another student to copy from one’s own work, consultation with any unauthorised person during an examination or test and use of unauthorised aids.
• Impersonating another student or entering into an agreement with another person to be impersonated for purposes of taking examinations or tests.
• Plagiarism, that is, the act of presenting the ideas or -words of another as one’s own. The use of other people’s ideas or words must be properly acknowledged and referenced.
• Obtaining by theft or other improper means examination papers, tests, or any other materials, or using such materials or distributing such materials to other students.
• Falsifying academic records or submitting false credentials for purposes of gaining admission to a University examination, or any other academic purpose.
• Submitting a false medical or other certificate or obtaining such certificate under false pretence for examinations or any academic purpose whatever.
• Behaving in a manner which infringes in an unreasonable way on the rights of other students to engage in their scholarly work. This shall include the disruption of classes and examinations, and the harassment or intimidation of students or staff

Jurisdiction

(c) Procedure

• Procedure for Behavioural Offence

In those cases where the offence involves disruptive behaviour on the part of students, an attempt shall be made to resolve the matter by discussion with the students concerned. Should this fail, if necessary, the University Security Personnel may be involved to establish order. Under no circumstances should teachers or students attempt to resolve such issues themselves by force. In all such cases the matter shall be reported to the Head of Department.                ___

• Procedure for Formal Resolution
• Chief Invigilators shall use their discretion in the handling of any cases of misconduct by candidates, but shall assemble all the facts and unauthorised materials pertaining to the alleged misconduct. These may include scraps of paper, books statements from witnesses and their paraphernalia or matter which might have been or suspected to have been used for the misconduct. The Chief invigilator is urged to obtain a written confirmation from the candidate that these materials either belong to him or were brought to the examination Hall with his knowledge. The Chief invigilator shall then submit a written report together with all relevant documentary evidence on the incident to the Chief Examiner (Head of Department). Who shall present same to the Departmental Board of Studies or the Disciplinary Committees mentioned above.
• The Committee shall investigate the matter and on completion of its investigation shall submit a report to the Head of Department who shall present the same to the Departmental Board of examiners for approval. Thereafter, the decision of the Board shall be conveyed to the student concerned.

(IV) Disciplinary Action

The Disciplinary Committee may impose one or more of the following disciplinary actions:

• Reprimand: This shall be in the nature of a warning to the student that his/her behaviour has been unacceptable to the Department and that any further behaviour of this sort will lead to a stiffer penalty.
• Submission of a failing grade in an examination, test assignment, or course, or where applicable, in a term. A failing grade in a course or term shall remain part of the student’s permanent record.
• Suspension: A student may be suspended from the Programme for a period which does not exceed one semester. While suspended, a student shall lose the right to attend lectures and write examinations.
• Expulsion: A student may be expelled from the Programme. Expulsion shall be permanent and a statement of such action shall be part of the student’s permanent record with the Department.

PENALTIES/SANCTIONS FOR EXAMINATION MISCONDUCT

(APPROVED by SENATE ON 25th MAY, 2016 AND AMENDED ON 29th JUNE & 27th JULY 2016)

S/N MISCONDUCT                                                                              PENALTY

1. Impersonation: This refers to a situation where a person

falsely represent himself to be a candidate sitting for examination or writes or attempts to write a paper in another person’s name and/or matriculation number

Any student who procures another to help in

■■■ examination is also liable of misconduct                                       Expulsion

2. Smuggling and Possession of Answer Script: This

refers to a situation where a student is (found) in possession of prepared answer scripts or continuation sheets smuggled in or out of the examination hall before or during examination.                                                                                                         Expulsion

3. Destruction of unauthorized Materials: This refers

to a situation where a student destroys or attempts to destroy any note or paper found on him/her during the examination.                                                               Expulsion